Can implantable pacemakers and defibrillators be hacked?

Publicity around the cyber vulnerability of St. Jude's implanted cardiac devices has raised awareness of and actions against hacking medical devices. Are implanted cardiac devices at risk for cyber attacks? Yes, because any digital device that includes wireless communication is at least theoretically vulnerable, including pacemakers, ICDs and CRT devices. But so far, an actual cyber attack against any of these implanted devices has never been documented. And (thanks in large part to recent publicity about hacking, both of medical devices and of politicians), the FDA and the device manufacturers are now working hard to patch any such vulnerabi

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