impressionism

impressionism A school of art and literary thought popular in France, Europe, America and even the world during the second half of the 19th century ~ the first half of the 20th century. Impressionism as a school of painting appeared in France. On March 25, 1874, C. Monet, P.-A. Renoir, C. Pissarro, A. Weasley, e. degas, p. Cezanne, b. mori rope and so on a group of young French painter, held in Paris without painter, sculptor, print exhibition, because one of monet exhibition entitled "impression, sunrise" the topic of painting is a view of a reporter to borrow, writing at the exhibition as "impressionism artist exhibition", Hence the name Impressionism or Impressionism. In artistic point of view, impressionist painters opposed the orthodox classical school at that time and the increasingly vulgar and pretentious romantic painting, but in C. Koro, barbizon school, and g. courbet, et al., under the impetus of the realistic painting style, absorbing the Netherlands, UK, Spain, Japan, China and other countries the nutrition of painting, at the same time by the modern science, especially optical inspired, think all the color is light, so they according to the spectrum red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet seven color to color. Because light changes so rapidly, they thought that only capturing the flashes of light could reveal the secrets of nature. Therefore, in the painting, attention is paid to the study and performance of external light, advocate to go outdoors, in the sun according to the observation of the eyes and the scene of the direct sense of painting, the performance of objects in the light irradiation, the subtle change of color. Thus impressionist painting in the processing of shadows, instead of the traditional painting of black and use bright green, purple and other colors. Due to different personal interests, impressionist painters are divided into two types: heavy light and color, heavy shape and sketch. The former is represented by Monet and Renoir, the latter is represented by Degas, and Pissarro is in between. Due to the pursuit of external light and color expression, impressionist painters mainly took the trivia of life around them and direct observations as subjects, and mostly depicted real people and natural scenery. It breaks the boundary between sketching and creation by intercepting some fragment or scene of objective object to process the picture. Impressionist painters held eight exhibitions successively, the first two of which were severely criticized by the press of the time. Later, Impressionist painters gradually became a highly influential art school and expanded to other art fields. In the process of formation and development of impressionist painting, E. Manet supported and encouraged it. As a trend of thought in art, impressionism painting plays an important role in the world art history. It promotes the innovation of art techniques and the transformation of ideas in the future, and has exerted a great or small influence on painters in Europe, America, Japan and even China. Impressionist music Impressionist music was invented by the French composer Debussy. The term impressionism first appeared in music in 1887. The judges of the French Academy of Fine Arts accused Debussy of not having a clear structure in the second "handed over work" symphony suite "Spring" when he studied in Rome, and asked him to "be wary of vague impressionism". When his String Quartet premiered in Brussels in 1894, critics began to praise it with "impressionistic music". Since then, the term has often been used to generalize Debussy and music similar to his style, and no longer has a derogatory connotation. The production of impressionist music is evolved from the late Romanticism and the national music school, but also absorbs the nourishment of eastern music. Its artistic expression techniques are as follows: ① to short melody cells combined into a novel motivation vocabulary. (2) In rhythm, I like complex rhythm and complex rhythm. The irregular subdivision of rhythm weakens the driving force and presents a state of loose flow. ③ Pay attention to the expression of the mode, according to the image requirements to use the corresponding mode. Expand the concept of tonality and often avoid explicit bandana. The use of the whole tone scale makes every tone in the mode in the same position, weakened the sense of tone center, the emergence of multiple tonality factors. (4) Because of the preference for different colors and sound plane, painting juxtaposition, harmony has become the most important means of expression. By increasing the possibility of chord structure and weakening the function of harmonic progression, extremely rich harmonic color is obtained. ⑤ Rich, unique and novel timbre. In vocal music, bass registers lacking luster and dramatic power are often used. A wide range of instruments on the use of color means. ⑥ Novel arrangement of orchetion and texture. ⑦ The structure is often loose and vague, but the outline of a trilogy can still be seen in many works. After Debussy, although it is difficult to categorize a certain composer into the ranks of impressionism, but the actual influence of the style and technique of impressionism music has spread throughout the music world. Literary historians believe that impressionism entered into literature after the 1870s, but there are different opinions on how impressionism is performed in literature and which writers and poets belong to impressionism. What is certain is that some literary writers in Western Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries did have a creative method similar to Impressionist painting and music, which was dedicated to capturing vague and fleeting sensations. Because of the special nature of literary creation, impressionists in literature pay more attention to how this instant sensory experience is transformed into emotional states. Like the impressionists in painting and music, they also objected to the logical or rational refinement of the connections between the things they described, so they themselves became intermediaries between external stimuli and instinctive reactions. There is a similarity between impressionist literature and symbolist literature. They are both literary schools of formalism. But there are also differences between the two, mainly because impressionism opposes the use of symbolism to express ideas, and favors the description of feelings. Some poets who are usually regarded as symbolists are actually more inclined to impressionism. For example, one of the leaders of symbolism, Paul Weiland's poem "Art of Poetry" is not so much about symbolism as a declaration of impressionism. French literary historians regard the Goncourt brothers as representatives of impressionist novels. Another French poet and novelist, Pierre Lottie, is regarded as representatives of impressionism. Some of his poems are indeed like impressionist painters in "capturing the impression of the moment", but not all of his works are so. Some twentieth-century French writers were heavily influenced by impressionism, and in some novels only the vague pursuit of sensory impression was left. The tendency of impressionism is obvious in some works of Oscar Wilde and others at the end of 19th century. Image poetry School formed by some British and American poets in London from 1912 to 1918 emphasized the description of sensory impression like impressionism, but they claimed to pursue a "clear and hard" image. They attacked the vagueness and vagueness of the image as an aftereffect of Romanticism. However, the theoretical differences are sometimes hard to detect in creative practice. For example, many works of imagist American poets such as Ai Lowell, Sy Doolittle and John Gold Fletcher are inseparable from impressionist poetry. The situation is similar in German literature, where literary historians are unable to identify distinct impressionist schools. Led by Detlev von Llienkron, including Richard Damer, Gustav Falk and others, they are regarded as the most obvious school of German impressionism. However, they emphasize truthfully recording the feeling experience of things to poets, so they are close to naturalism. In addition, many poems, such as Hugo von Hoffmanstahl and Arnaud Holtz, also have impressionistic tendencies of varying degrees. At the same time, the term impressionism also refers to a kind of literary criticism, which is called impressionistic criticism, that is, perceptive criticism. This kind of criticism refuses to make a rational and scientific analysis of the works, but emphasizes the critic's aesthetic intuition. It believes that the best criticism only records the process of the critic's feeling of beauty, and at most points out how the impression of beauty is produced and under which conditions it is felt. Therefore, impressionist criticism is a kind of vague criticism without clear argumentation, which is often written in the form of prose poetry. Literary criticism has become a kind of art category that is not fundamentally different from literary creation, and the people who write such critical words are often poets or writers themselves.