European prehistoric art

European prehistoric art A general term for European Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic architecture, sculpture, painting, and craftsmanship. As far as we know, the earliest art works in Europe appeared in the early part of the late Paleolithic Age, about 2.5 ~ 30,000 years ago, that is, the Earth was in the Tamaki Ice Age. This Paleolithic art disappeared around 10,000 BC with the end of the Ice Age. The types of art in the Mesolithic Age increased, and with the imbalance of cultural development in different regions, the art traditions developed independently and evolved into the art of the Neolithic Age in different degrees. The content of their expression is based on animals, and the technique is realistic and vivid. The most prominent examples are the Lascaux Cave paintings in France and the Altamira cave paintings in Spain. For example, the animal image of Lascaux Cave is magnificent, full of dynamic, full of rough primitive atmosphere and wild vitality. The Injured Bison in the Altamira Cave depicts the cowering and struggling of the bison after the injury, accurately and powerfully showing the structure and dynamics of the animal. Before the Upper Paleolithic period, although there is no evidence of human imitation of images, practical tool making and improvement have revealed many aesthetic factors. For example, the geometric shape of the hand axe, the sense of symmetry, the small modification of the edge and the score, are not without primary decorative value, and the process of making tools also prepares the modeling skills for the creation of artistic works. The Upper Paleolithic is traditionally divided into four major cultural periods :① Orina, ② Perigorh, ③ Sotreut, and ④ Magdalen. The Orina culture takes its name from the Orina caves in Haugaron, France. Al gore culture gets its name from the French perry perry, synthesis of paleolithic art in the early stage of development, near the Mohr multidimensional and villeneuve's cultural, found female figurines, known as "whalen, wiener", depicting a bone, stone chips at the same time, can be found in the cave paintings in the corresponding style, The famous cave Lascaux is the main representative of this stage. Solutrean culture gets its name from Solutrean in Thorn-Loire, France, and Magdellin culture gets its name from Magdellin Hole in Dordogne, France. They constitute the late stage of Paleolithic art, which is typical of Spain's Altamira hole. The creators of Paleolithic art were the Cro-Magnons, who belonged to the late Homo sapiens stage and were physically (especially in brain size) indistinguishable from modern humans. When the ice cover Europe, in the south of France and northern Spain on many grassland animals, such as the woolly rhino, mammoth and reindeer, in cannes, France - tower in the region as the center, in hunting, Roman natural caves of farmers live here, too, in the long-term production accumulated skills, experience and knowledge in the struggle, It strengthened people's understanding of themselves and their living environment, developed spiritual culture, painted pictures on caves, and carved tools. This artistic activity spread to a wide area to form different local differences in style, but on the whole, their meaning and style are unified. Some of the figures were clearly the work of one person, proving that the various figures drawn IN these holes were the work of a few specialized people (PROBABLY WIZARDS). The art creation process of Paleolithic caves was complete. Some finger marks painted on cave walls were first found, which may have been left by imitating the paw marks of bears. From these finger marks, simple and local animal images gradually emerged. Early animals only drew rough outline modeling, gradually accurate, increasingly rich techniques; During the Magdellin culture period, large animals with a sense of volume and accurate perspective were drawn with various colors, and their gestures were vivid. People often rely on the natural carina gap on the stone wall as the base of modeling. Under the light coming through the hole, or In the firelight flickering in the depths of the cave, the jagged stones look very much like the images of animals that cave dwellers deal with on a daily basis. This psychological projection played a certain role in the formation of cave art. The function of Paleolithic art is generally regarded as a kind of hunting witchcraft, the use of pictures or sculpture to achieve the purpose of controlling hunting objects or increasing animal resources. By the time of the Cro-Magnons, spears and bows with wooden handles had appeared, and witchcraft, which had been budding from the early Paleolithic, was well developed as a form of "production of ideas". On many cave paintings, you can clearly see the marks of spears and arrows fired during the ceremony after the painting. Some animals had clusters of arrows, spearheads or traps carved into their bodies. Many animals were concentrated on specific walls, presumably believing that these walls were magical, and the images often overlapped with each other, perhaps like real animals, which had to be repainted once they were "killed". A similar treatment was also found in the portable art of the same period. Some animal and human figures were painted near the pores of the rock walls representing the genitalia of Mother Earth to promote birth, regeneration and proliferation. The daily living quarters of cave dwellers were at the mouth of the cave, while paintings and carvings were often drawn deep inside the cave, suggesting that the hunting witchcraft ritual itself was carried out in the mother Earth. The pursuit of realism in such pictures was to enhance the effect of witchcraft. The subjects of Paleolithic art are mainly animals, and figures account for a considerable proportion. There are only a few cases of plant images, handprints and geometric patterns. Animals mainly European bison, wild, wild sheep, mammoth, rhino, deer and some of the meat of animals, reindeer in restore account for a great proportion of life, its horn, bone, skin, flesh, blood has been widely used, but not much, probably because of the reindeer sex, body temperature, easy to kill, number, without the witchcraft. Similarly, plants are what people produce (wooden tools) And the important dependent objects of life (flowers, fruits and leaves) are barely depicted. The depiction of characters often covered their faces with masks, or the heads of human beings and animals, thus inferences that people at that time had special prohibitions on the depiction of their own images. Some may BE REALISTIC DEPICtions OF WIZARding practices, WHILE OTHERS are drawn in places where animals are concentrated to show GREAT CONTROL. The FIGURES ARE ALSO IN SOME CASES INJURED FIGURES, SOME OF WHICH ARE INSERTED, AND MORE FIGURES (ESPECIALLY IN INSTRUMENTAL ART) ARE CREATED AS ICONS OF PROLIFERATING RACES, THESE FIGURES ARE PREDOMINANTLY FEMALE. The distribution of Paleolithic art was relatively concentrated, with cave art centered in the France-Cantabilien region. Cave paintings have also been found in southern Spain, the southern Italian peninsula and Sicily, and the earliest cave paintings were found in the Ural region of the Soviet Union. Appliance art has a much wider distribution, being found in Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and parts of the Soviet Union. The art of utensils and caves is of the same time and style. It is possible that the Cro-Romans who traveled in these areas could not find suitable caves to paint in, or the paintings did not survive on the rock walls, leaving only the art of utensils. The art of utensils is easy to carry and easy to distribute. Mesolithic art came into being after 10,000 BC. With the end of the Ice age and the warming of the climate, animals and plants on land experienced changes, affecting human life. Human culture also changed to adapt to the new environment, giving rise to new forms of artistic expression, such as murals, chisels and small carvings. As animals moved north, the tradition of paleolithic cave art and appliance art, which mainly depicted animals, disappeared and was replaced by a weakened art. Mesolithic art can be divided into three regions. The first area is a thriving area of paleolithic cave art in southern France and northern Spain. It is called the Azili culture, which has few works left. Its representative works are dots and lines drawn in red or black on small pebbles, which is a continuation of the geometric style of the Magdalene period of the Paleolithic, but the specific purpose is unclear. The second area, Northern Europe, is dominated by rock art. That is, works painted or carved on boulders on open cliffs and movable art (works carved on movable stones or other materials). The small Paleolithic carvings found in some areas may have been created by people who came on safari during the warm phase of the Ice Age, or carried to northern Europe by people who followed steppe animals northward at the beginning of the Mesolithic period. Small patterned figures carved on wood found in Allensburg, France, bear similarities to stylized works of the late Magdalenian and Azilli cultures that flourished in the Rhine and southern Germany, as well as semi-realistic drawings carved on bone sticks around 6000 BC. In Scandinavia, especially Norway, a kind of vivid realistic sculpture emerged, which is the first stage of prehistoric art in Northern Europe, which is deeply rooted in the cave art of southwest Europe in the Paleolithic Age (appearing between 6000 and 5000 BC). Later, around 3000 BC, the semi-realistic style gradually gave way to paintings of wild animals, fish, and human figures, which were more blunt, often depicting animal organs.